Bottom Longline

The Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) is a slow-growing, long-lived demersal fish species (over 50 years) inhabiting the southern seas. In Chile, two management units have been established: (i) Artisanal Fishing Area (APA) from the Arica and Parinacota region to 47°S, and (ii) Bidded Fishing Unit (UPL) from 47°S to 57°S (preferably industrial with an auction regime), both extending from the coastline to the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).

This Fishery Improvement Project (FIP) will focus on the Artisanal Fishing Area (APA). The artisanal fleet operating within the APA conducts extensive latitudinal movements during extraction operations, undertaking long-term trips to harvest the resource using bottom longline fishing gear. Landings are regulated under the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), via Resolution EX No. 1469 / 2012 of the National Fisheries and Aquaculture Service (SERNAPESCA).

The APA fishing unit is currently overexploited (SUBPESCA, 2024), with restricted access controls and limitations on the number of hooks per fishing trip.  Patagonian Toothfish Management Committee has been in session since 2015 but has yet to establish a Management Plan for this resource.

For 2025, SUBPESCA has set a total allowable catch (TAC) for the APA area at 2,257 tons, based on the ranges recommended by the Scientific Technical Committee on Deepwater Demersal Resources in October 2024.

Groupers and snappers are considered important fisheries commodities in Indonesia, both ecologically and economically. These fish are generally caught by small-scale fishers that operate in nearby reefs, thus undertaking sustainable grouper and snapper fisheries is of paramount importance for their continuous supply. As one of the important sites for grouper and snapper fisheries nationwide, in 2018 the West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) Province enacted a sustainable grouper and snapper management through a Governor Decree, particularly for the Saleh Bay area. Since then, monitoring and evaluation have been conducted to ensure the management plan for snapper and grouper achieved its target. From the monitoring, it is known that two main species have dominated the fishery and became the export commodities, i.e. Malabar blood snapper (Lutjanus malabaricus) and Leopard grouper (Plectropomus leopardus) which are caught by Handline and Bottom Longline.

The grouper and snapper fisheries management in Saleh Bay has also included several regulations, such as minimum legal size, hook and mesh size, and integration with MPA management. Since the fishery targeted two species that are small-scale, the fishers are not subject to license and permit, they only need to register their boats with the government. To ensure its sustainability along with market value, the FIP will address the rebuilding stock strategy, draft harvest control rules, and (partially) manage the habitat/ecosystem (e.g. through MPA management effectiveness improvement).

The fishery of the red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) is one of the most important in terms of the scale resource in the Gulf of Mexico (GM) region, being the fifth species of fish with greater extraction in Campeche (González-de la Rosa, Sánchez and Arreguín-Sánchez, 1994; Government of the State of Campeche, 2015).

During the decade of the 70s, the annual catch of red snapper in this same region was represented in 93% by L. campechanus, without indications of reduction of the population stock (Anderson et al. 2015). During the 80s, González-de la Rosa et al. (1994), Monroy-García, Garduño-Andrade and Espinosa (2002), as well as, Monroy-García, Arceo and Ríos (2004) stated that the red snapper resource was under-exploited and the fishery growing in the north from Yucatan, showing an increase in annual catches from 1,800.0 to 4,500.0 tonnes.

In Mexico, there was a historical maximum in the catch of red snapper during 1993. In the period 1986-1996, 4,956.0 t of the average annual catch was recorded and from 2000 to 2015 a decrease of 39.0% was observed with 2,996.0 t annual average according to the CNP (2018).

Monroy García et al. (2002) estimated that this indicator decreased from 32,957.0 t in 1984 to 16,877.0 in 1999, which is 51.0%, indicating that this population does not show signs of recovery. They also calculated a maximum sustainable yield (RMS) of 1,271.0 t / year. Recording a capture of 3,083.0 t in 1992, and an average of 1,384.0 t in the period 1984-1999, which exceeds the CMS and therefore there is a strong decrease, reporting that landings in the Gulf of Mexico (GM) declined from 71.0 to 80.0% by 2013 (Anderson et al., 2015).

It is noted that the results only showed the decency until 2015, and most recent information was not included in the profile. However, managers concluded that the fishery is exploited to the maximum sustainable extent with a tendency to find deteriorated in the future (DOF, 2023). Garcia-Rodriguez et al. (2024) used the Catch-MSY (CMSY) data-limited to determine the stock status of red snapper in the Gulf of Mexico. The authors used a combination of catch data, resilience, and qualitative stock status information on the data-limited model to estimate the biomass-producing MSY (BMSY), the fishing pressure-producing MSY (FMSY), catch in terms of MSY (CMSY) and reference points such as stock size (B/BMSY) and exploitation rate (F/FMSY). Based on the results, the authors recognized the transition of the red snapper population in recent years and reported signs of a relatively positive trend. With the most recent year putting the species with a status of the biomass above the MSY (BMSY).

Lutjanus synagris:The species in the Gulf of Mexico was classified as near threatened by the IUCN in 2015 (Lindeman et al. 2015). Not recent stock assessment has been conducted in Mexico. In the US, managers assumed that a single unit stock for the GOM. Although some evidence of two genetically distinct stocks in the northern GOM based on microsatellites: a western stock which includes individuals from the northwestern and north central GOM and an eastern stock that includes individuals from the west coast of FL, the Florida Keys, and the Atlantic coast of FL (Karlsson et al. 2009).

Rhomboplites aurorubens:In the Mexican region of the Gulf of Mexico, there are no recent stock assessment for the species, in the US, however, at least five stocks (or subpopulations) of vermilion snapper have been described, as follows: The South Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico, the Puerto Rico Snapper Complex, the St. Croix Snapper Complex and the St. Thomas/St. John Snapper Complex (NOAA 2023).

According to the most recent stock assessments: The Gulf of Mexico stock is not overfished (2020), and is not subject to overfishing based on 2022 catch data. The stock assessment information from the Stock SMART tool by NOAA explained shows the variations of the estimated stock abundance from 1950 to 2018, but also a constant increasing in landings during the same time period.

Bagre marinus: The stock structure is unknown, the most recent report on the status was published by managers within the National Fisheries Chart (NFC) where it was reported that the species was above the MSY. However, information on how this was estimated or peer-reviewed was unshared.

Currently, in the Mexican states, the use of these resources does not present specific regulations such as a fishing management plan, reproductive closures, quotas, or minimum catch sizes, considering its known status, its a need to update the public information about the resources, and the development of strategies for fishery management for this species, which involve the fisheries, government, academic and civil society organizations to establish standards for responsible fishing.

The MSC certificate for this fishery was voluntarily suspended by certificate holders in light of recently renewed concerns about stock health resulting from changes in the ecosystem. The Atlantic Groundfish Council (AGC), an industry association for offshore fishery companies in Canada, has subsequently initiated a Fishery Improvement Project (FIP) that will be supported by the Sustainable Fisheries Partnership (SFP). This FIP aims to complete an action plan that includes continued compliance with, and reporting on, all conditions associated with the suspended MSC certification and will serve to guide the fishery back to MSC certification as soon as possible. The FIP action plan will include improving the stock assessment model, gaining insight into the ecosystem drivers and exploring the role of discrete components in supporting the overall stock complex.